Monthly Archives: July 2017

1.13 – Source Notes



William Duer by Max Rosenthal, courtesy of Wikipedia

Audio editing for this episode done by Andrew Pfannkuche

  • “Buttonwood Agreement on display.” Museum of American Finance. https://www.moaf.org/exhibits/trading_street/buttonwood-display. [Last Accessed: 15 Jul 2017]
  • Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Press, 2004.
  • Chernow, Ron. Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin Press, 2010.
  • Cowen, David J. “William Duer and America’s First Financial Scandal.” Financial History. 97 (Spring 2010) 20-23, 35.
  • Cunliffe, Marcus. “Elections of 1789 and 1792.” History of American Presidential Elections 1789-1968, Volume I. Arthur M Schlesinger Jr, ed. New York: Chelsea House Publishers and McGraw-Hill, 1971. pp. 3-32.
  • Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Duer, William. “To Alexander Hamilton, 12 March 1792.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-11-02-0099. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 11, February 1792-June 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966, pp.126-127.] [Last Accessed: 10 Jul 2017]
  • Hamilton, Alexander. “To William Seton, 18 January 179[2].” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-10-02-0113. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 10, December 1791 – January 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966, pp.525-526.] [Last Accessed: 10 Jul 2017]
  • Hamilton, Alexander. “To William Seton, 24 January 1792.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-10-02-0133. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 10, December 1791 – January 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966, pp.562-563.] [Last Accessed: 10 Jul 2017]
  • Hamilton, Alexander. “To William Seton, 10 February 179[2].” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-11-02-0027. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 11, February 1792-June 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966, pp.27-29.] [Last Accessed: 10 Jul 2017]
  • Hamilton, Alexander. “To William Duer, 14 March 1792.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-11-02-0108. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 11, February 1792-June 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966, pp.131-132.] [Last Accessed: 10 Jul 2017]
  • Hamilton, Alexander. “To William Seton, 19 March 1792.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-11-02-0122. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 11, February 1792-June 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966, pp.154-155.] [Last Accessed: 10 Jul 2017]
  • Hamilton, Alexander. “To William Short, 16 April 1792.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-11-02-0235. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 11, February 1792-June 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966, pp.289-291.] [Last Accessed: 10 Jul 2017]
  • Hamilton, Alexander. “30 July-3 August 1792, to George Washington.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-12-02-0109. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 12, July 1792 – October 1792, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967, pp. 137–139.] [Last Accessed: 18 Apr 2017]
  • Irwin, Douglas A. “The Aftermath of Hamilton’s ‘Report on Manufactures.’” The Journal of Economic History. 64:3 (September 2004) 800-821.
  • Jefferson, Thomas. “To Edmund Pendleton, 24 July 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-20-02-0318. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 20, 1 April–4 August 1791, ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, pp. 669–670.] [Last Accessed: 9 Jul 2017]
  • Jefferson, Thomas. “23 May 1792, to George Washington.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-10-02-0268. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 10, 1 March 1792 – 15 August 1792, ed. Robert F. Haggard and Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002, pp. 408–414.] [Last Accessed: 18 Apr 2017]
  • Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. Charlottesville, VA and London: University Press of Virginia, 1994 [1971].
  • Landry, Jerry. The Presidencies of the United States. http://presidencies.blubrry.com. 2017.
  • Malone, Dumas. Jefferson and the Rights of Man: Jefferson and His Time Volume Two. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co, 1951.
  • McDonald, Forrest. The Presidency of George Washington. Lawrence, KS; Manhattan, KS; and Wichita, KS: The University Press of Kansas, 1974 [1974].
  • Randall, Willard Sterne. Alexander Hamilton: A Life. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
  • Randolph, Edmund. “5 August 1792, to George Washington.” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified March 30, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-10-02-0417. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 10, 1 March 1792 – 15 August 1792, ed. Robert F. Haggard and Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002, pp. 628–632.] [Last Accessed: 18 Apr 2017]
  • Sylla, Richard; Robert E Wright; and David J Cowen. “Alexander Hamilton, Central Banker: Crisis Management during the U.S. Financial Panic of 1792.” Business History Review. 83 (Spring 2009) 61-86.
  • Walsh, Kenneth T. From Mount Vernon to Crawford: A History of the Presidents and Their Retreats. New York: Hyperion, 2005.
  • Washington, George. “To David Humphreys, 20 July 1791,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0251. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 8, 22 March 1791 – 22 September 1791, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 358–361.] [Last Accessed: 9 Jul 2017]
  • Washington, George. “To James Madison, 20 May 1792,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-10-02-0260. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 10, 1 March 1792 – 15 August 1792, ed. Robert F. Haggard and Mark A. Mastromarino. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002, pp. 399–403.] [Last Accessed: 8 Jul 2017]
  • White, Leonard D. The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History. New York: Macmillan Co, 1948.

1.13 – Should I Stay or Should I Go Now?



George Washington, Esq, by Edward Savage [c. 1793], courtesy of the Library of Congress
Year(s) Discussed: 1792

Washington has an important decision to make as the Election of 1792 looms. Should he accede to the wishes of many and stand for reelection or should he take his weary bones back to Mount Vernon for the remainder of his days? The growing factional agitations that were exacerbated by Hamilton’s submitting his Report on Manufactures as well as a financial panic in 1792 do little to make the situation better. Meanwhile, Hamilton’s affair with Maria Reynolds gets ever more complicated. And did the Attorney General just say something about a potential civil war? Washington’s action-packed first term hits some bumpy roads in this episode. Source information can be found at http://presidencies.blubrry.com.


Early Republic Sites of Interest in Philly



Greetings, folks! I’m writing to you this morning from Philadelphia, PA where I’ll be attending the annual SHEAR (Society for Historians of the Early American Republic) conference to hear about the latest scholarship in the field that I can then incorporate into future podcast episodes.

In the meantime, I wanted to share some of the sites that I’ve seen thus far that I thought might be of interest to all of you.

We’ll start with Independence Hall, which is of course the most recognized landmark in Philadelphia.

This room was the location not just for the signing of the Declaration of Independence but also the Constitutional Convention.

As we’ve discussed, George Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787 in this very room.

Independence Hall was also a significant landmark for one of Washington’s successors. As the nation was facing the uncertainty of disunion, Abraham Lincoln visited the Hall on his way to assume the presidency in 1861. His body would then be returned in 1865 and set up for viewing in the same chamber in which the Declaration was signed and the Constitution was crafted on its way back to Springfield.

When facing Independence Hall, just to the left of it sits Congress Hall, which is where the US Congress under the Constitution met from the time the capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790 until it moved on to Washington, DC in 1800.

When we discuss deliberations in the House of Representatives during this time, picture this room as this is where it happened.

This was also the room in which John Adams was inaugurated as the second President of the United States, marking what was a rarity at the time but what would prove to be the first of many peaceful transitions of power in American history.

And just in case you wanted to picture being seated in the House at that time…

This is the Old City Hall which, as I learned when I started researching for my trip, was the meeting place of the Supreme Court from 1791 until the capital moved in 1800.

This is the actual chamber in which they met and deliberated on those early cases. The big chair in the center was John Jay’s for a bit.

A block off from Independence Hall is the President’s House. The actual house was not preserved, but excavations of the site have been done, and a facade erected to help visitors to understand the dimensions of the house as well as to interpret what life was like for all of those under its roof, including the enslaved people he brought from Mount Vernon such as Oney Judge and Hercules.

Formal levees, dinners, Cabinet deliberations, all of those would have occurred under this roof.

The First Bank of the United States, which would cause so much political rancor and factionalism, is not too far from…

The Second Bank of the United States, which would cause even more political rancor and factionalism.

The home of Dolley Todd, who you might known better as Dolley Madison. We haven’t encountered Mrs. Dolley yet, but we will, dear friends, along with…

Benjamin Franklin Bache, the grandson of Benjamin Franklin who will cause President Adams a good bit of grief, but that’s on down the line for us.

For now, I’ll leave you and get back to exploring. Thanks so much for joining me on this brief photo tour, and stay tuned for more, including our next episode which will be launching this Sunday!


One Year Anniversary Special Episode



Fourth of July at the Washington Monument, 1986, by SSGT Lono Kollars, courtesy of Wikipedia

In honor of my one year anniversary of podcasting, I did this special episode to run simultaneously on the Harrison Podcast to share a little bit about how I got started podcasting, some information about our audience, and a chance for you to be entered into a drawing for a gift card to Powell’s Books.

The survey mentioned in the episode can be found at https://goo.gl/forms/AKCJOi0LEOCXv1ce2, but you must complete it as instructed by July 31st and leave your name and email address to be entered into the drawing. Please note: If you haven’t already, I do ask that you listen to at least one episode of either podcast (and this one doesn’t count) before participating in the drawing so that you can give feedback to help make the podcasts better as we go into year two. Thanks so much in advance!


1.12 – Source Notes



Map of Slavery in the US in 1789, by user Golbez, courtesy of Wikipedia
Slave auction block at Green Hill Plantation in VA, courtesy of Wikipedia

Slaves working in 17th Century Virginia [c. 1670], courtesy of Wikipedia
Audio editing for this episode done by Andrew Pfannkuche

  • Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2000.
  • Brodsky, Alyn. Benjamin Rush: Patriot and Physician. New York: St Martin’s Press, 2004.
  • Chernow, Ron. Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin Press, 2010.
  • Dabney, Virginius. Virginia the New Dominion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co Inc, 1971.
  • Davis, Herald E. The Fledgling Province: Social and Cultural Life in Colonial Georgia, 1733-1776. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1976.
  • Elliott, J H. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2007 [2006].
  • Finnie, Gordon E. “The Antislavery Movement in the Upper South Before 1840.” The Journal of Southern History. 35:3 [Aug 1969] 319-342.
  • Hawke, David. The Colonial Experience. Indianapolis, New York, and Kansas City: Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1966.
  • Isaac, Rhys. The Transformation of Virginia 1740-1790. New York and London: W W Norton & Co, 1982.
  • Jordan, Winthrop D. “Enslavement of Negroes in America to 1700.” Colonial America: Essays in Politics and Social Development. Stanley N Katz, John M Murrin, and Douglas Greenberg, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1993 [1983]. p. 288-329.
  • Kay, Marvin L Michael; and Lorin Lee Cary. Slavery in North Carolina, 1748-1775. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
  • Levy, Andrew. The First Emancipator: Slavery, Religion, and the Quiet Revolution of Robert Carter. New York: Random House, 2005.
  • McCullough, David. John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
  • Morgan, Philip D. “’To Get Quit of Negroes’: George Washington and Slavery.” Journal of American Studies. 39:3 [2005] 403-429.
  • Nash, Gary B. Race and Revolution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990.
  • Nettels, Curtis P. The Emergence of a National Economy: The Economic History of the United States, Volume II. White Plains, NY: M E Sharpe Inc, 1962.
  • Sublette, Ned, and Constance Sublette. The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2016.
  • Washington, George. “To James McHenry, 22 August 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0184. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 3, 19 May 1785 – 31 March 1786, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994, pp. 197–199.] [Last Accessed: 4 Jul 2017]
  • Washington, George. “To Robert Morris, 12 April 1786,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-04-02-0019. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 4, 2 April 1786 – 31 January 1787, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995, pp. 15–17.] [Last Accessed: 4 Jul 2017]
  • Washington, George. “To Lafayette, 10 May 1786,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified June 29, 2017, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-04-02-0051. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 4, 2 April 1786 – 31 January 1787, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995, pp. 41–45.] [Last Accessed: 4 Jul 2017]
  • Weir, Robert M. Colonial South Carolina: A History. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997 [1983].
  • Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.

1.12 – Slavery in America



The First Slave Auction at New Amsterdam in 1655 by Howard Pyle, courtesy of Wikipedia

Content Note: Though not going into graphic detail, I did want to let everyone know upfront that this episode, in discussing slavery, does touch upon the violence associated with slavery including that perpetrated against female enslaved people.

Year(s) Discussed: 1490s-1792

European settlers in the Western Hemisphere began practicing slavery in the lands that they found on the other side of the Atlantic in the late 15th century. In this episode, we examine the institution of slavery in what would become the United States as it developed up to the end of Washington’s first term in office. From its beginnings to its codification, we also look at some of the living conditions of enslaved peoples and early efforts to end the practice of slavery. The episode finishes off with bringing the focus back to Washington and how he approached slavery as he participated in the Constitutional Convention and then took office as president. Source information for this episode can be found at http://presidencies.blubrry.com.